What is the structure of phenanthrene?

C14H10
Phenanthrene/Formula

What is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons made of?

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is a hydrocarbon—a chemical compound containing only carbon and hydrogen—that is composed of multiple aromatic rings. The group is a major subset of the aromatic hydrocarbons.

What shape is aromatic hydrocarbons form?

Since all of the atoms in the ring are sp2-hybridized, they are all trigonal planar, with bond angles of 120°, and the benzene ring is a flat molecule, shaped like a hexagon. Aromatic hydrocarbons are nonpolar, and are insoluble in water….Aromatic Rings.

Benzene	3D
Toluene	3D
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What are the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?

The general characteristics of PAHs are high melting and boiling points (therefore they are solid), low vapor pressure, and very low aqueous solubility [10]. The latter two characteristics tend to decrease with increasing molecular weight, on the contrary, resistance to oxidation and reduction increases [10].

How do you make phenanthrene?

The Bardhan–Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis is a classic way to make phenanthrenes. This process involves electrophilic aromatic substitution using a tethered cyclohexanol group using diphosphorus pentoxide, which closes the central ring onto an existing aromatic ring.

How is phenanthrene aromatic?

Phenanthrene is more stable than anthracene due to the larger stability of the π-system of the former, which is more aromatic.

How are aromatic hydrocarbons made?

Aromatic hydrocarbons are a special class of unsaturated hydrocarbon based on a six carbon ring moiety called benzene. The saturated hydrocarbon cyclohexane is transformed into the aromatic hydrocarbon benzene by adding three alternating carbon–carbon double bonds, as shown in Fig.

What structure is found in all aromatic compounds?

Aromatic compounds are cyclic structures in which each ring atom is a participant in aπ bond, resulting in delocalized π electron density on both sides of the ring. Due to this connected network of π bonds, the rings are planar, unlike the boat or table structures typical of cycloalkanes.

What chemical characteristics of the aromatic hydrocarbons is most distinctive?

Aromatic hydrocarbons (also called arenes), despite their name, often (but not necessarily always) have distinctive aromas (odors). In fact, the name is a traditional one, and these organic compounds are characterized by the presence of one or more benzene rings in the molecule.

Where is PAH found?

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. They also are produced when coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned. PAHs generated from these sources can bind to or form small particles in the air.

Where is phenanthrene found?

11.4. Phenanthrene is a three benzene ring fused angular PAH and found to be present at high concentrations in PAH-contaminated surface soils, sediments, and waste sites (Moody et al., 2001). It has been shown to be toxic to crustaceans, fish, mussels, gastropods, and marine diatoms.