Can carcinogens damage DNA?

Exposure to carcinogens can either directly [7] or indirectly [1,8] induce DNA damage. Subsequent repair mechanisms may result in alterations in DNA sequences, i.e. mutations [2,9]. Induced mutations may be initiating events in cancer causation, when the damage is fixed within oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes [10].

What is the relationship between carcinogens and mutation?

Yep, mutagens change (mutate) the DNA, while carcinogens CAN mutate DNA they ALSO cause other factors that lead to cancer.

Why are not all carcinogens mutagens?

A carcinogen is any agent that directly increases the incidence of cancer. Most, but not all carcinogens are mutagens. Carcinogens that do not directly damage DNA include substances that accelerate cell division, thereby leaving less opportunity for cell to repair induced mutations, or errors in replication.

How are humans exposed to carcinogens?

Humans are variously and continuously exposed to a wide range of different DNA-damaging agents, some of which are classed as carcinogens. DNA damage can arise from exposure to exogenous agents, but damage from endogenous processes is probably far more prevalent.

How do carcinogens induce DNA damage?

Carcinogens, irrespective of their origin, have the ability to evoke the development of DNA damage through a variety of mechanisms. This includes, for instance, covalent binding of carcinogen with DNA or DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) formed as a result of ionising radiation (IR)-induced free radical generation [ 1, 2 ].

What causes DNA mutations to cause cancer?

DNA damage can arise from exposure to exogenous agents, but damage from endogenous processes is probably far more prevalent. That said, epidemiological studies of migrant populations from regions of low cancer risk to high cancer risk countries point to a role for environmental and/or lifestyle factors playing a pivotal part in cancer aetiology.

What is the most abundant indirect acting carcinogen?

Combustion of organic matter results in the generation of PAHs. These are the most abundant indirect-acting carcinogens to which humans are exposed to on a daily basis. Exposure has been associated with the development of breast, skin or lung cancer.