What major changes took place under Abd al malik of the Umayyad dynasty?

The most consequential of Abd al-Malik’s reforms were the introduction of a single Islamic currency in place of Byzantine and Sasanian coinage and the establishment of Arabic as the language of the bureaucracy in place of Greek and Persian in Syria and Iraq, respectively.

Why did the Umayyad Caliphate fall?

The reign of the Umayyad dynasty began to unravel after the empire became overextended. By 717, the Umayyads were having trouble defending frontiers and preventing insurrections, and the financial situation of the empire had become untenable, despite attempts by the caliph ʿUmar II to stave off disintegration.

Who is caliph Abd al Malik?

ʿAbd al-Malik, in full ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān, (born 646/647, Medina, Arabia—died October 705, Damascus), fifth caliph (685–705 ce) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration.

Who was caliph Marwan?

Marwān I ibn al-Hakam, (born 623—died 685), first of the Marwānid caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty (reigned 684–685). A governor of Medina and the Hejaz under the caliph Muʿāwiya I, where he showed unusual vigour, Marwān I was an old man in poor health when he ascended the throne himself in 684.

What were the main achievements of Abd al Malik an Umayyad?

Abd al Malik went to war with several local rulers, reasserting Umayyad control, and established institutions such as a postal service and a new, unified currency based in Damascus.

What did Abd Al Malik do to spread Islam?

In administrative matters Abd al-Malik took the important step of making Arabic the official language of Islam. He also unified fiscal and postal administration, eliminating the local systems that had been retained in the provinces conquered from the Byzantine and Persian empires.

Who was caliph after Umar bin Abdul?

Yazid II
Umar II

Why was Abd al Malik an important ruler?

Born in Mecca and raised in Medina, the two most holy sites of Islam, the fifth caliph, Abd Al Malik Ibn Marwan, spearheaded the creation of many of the institutions that centralized the Islamic empire around his capital in Damascus and asserted its independence from Byzantine traditions.

What happened to Marwan and Abd al-Malik?

Marwan and his family, including Abd al-Malik, had since relocated to Syria, where Marwan met the pro-Umayyad stalwart Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, who had just been expelled from his governorship in Iraq.

What did Abd al-Malik do in the Caliphate?

Re-establishing Umayyad rule across the Caliphate was the major priority of Abd al-Malik. His initial focus was the reconquest of Iraq, the Caliphate’s wealthiest province. Iraq was also home to a large population of Arab tribesmen, the group from which the Caliphate derived the bulk of its troops.

What did al-Malik ibn Marwani do?

ʿAbd al-Malik, in full ʿabd Al-malik Ibn Marwān, (born 646/647, Medina, Arabia—died October 705, Damascus), fifth caliph (685–705) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration.

How did Ibn Ziyad convince Marwan to become the caliphs?

Ibn Ziyad persuaded Marwan to forward his candidacy for the caliphate during a summit of pro-Umayyad tribes in Jabiya hosted by the Kalbi chieftain Ibn Bahdal.