What factors determine the toxicity of a toxin?

Factors Influencing Toxicity

• Form and innate chemical activity.
• Dosage , especially dose -time relationship.
• Exposure route.
• Species.
• Life stage, such as infant, young adult, or elderly adult.
• Gender.
• Ability to be absorbed.
• Metabolism.

What are the important factors that influence the degree of toxicity of a substance Toxtutor?

Duration and concentration of a substance at the portal of entry. Rate and amount of the substance that can be absorbed. Distribution in the body and concentration of the substance at specific body sites. Efficiency of biotransformation and nature of the metabolites.

Which of the toxicity can occur due to single exposure?

Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.

How are toxicity levels determined?

Toxicity can be measured by the effect the substance has on an organism, a tissue or a cell. We know that individuals will respond differently to the same dose of a substance because of a number of factors including their gender, age and body weight. Therefore a population-level measure of toxicity is often used.

What is drug toxicity?

‘Drug toxicity’ can be defined as a diverse array of adverse effects which are brought about through drug use at either therapeutic or non-therapeutic doses.

What factors contribute to the effect an environmental toxin?

Environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure, affect rates of consumption and even the occurrence of some toxic agents.

What is the main difference between acute and chronic toxicity?

An example of acute toxicity relates to the over consumption of alcohol and “hangovers”. Chronic toxicity is generally thought of as frequent exposures where effects may be delayed (even for years) and are generally irreversible.

How does toxins affect the body?

When toxins damage your enzymes, they prevent the production of hemoglobin in your blood, which can accelerate aging. It also can lead to the failure of energy production and lower your protection against oxidated stress. Failure of these normal body functions increases your risk of diseases like: Cancer.

Which effect may lead to toxic reactions when a drug is taken continuously or repeatedly *?

A person may develop tolerance to a drug when the drug is used repeatedly. For instance, when morphine or alcohol is used for a long time, larger and larger doses must be taken to produce the same effect.

What can cause acute toxicity?

It is caused by exposure to a large dose of a weak toxin or a small dose of a potent (powerful) toxin. This can happen once or numerous times over a short period of time….Pesticides

• Red skin.
• Swelling of the skin.
• Blisters.
• Burning/severe pain.
• Ulcers (sores)
• Necrosis (death of the skin)
• Peeling of the skin.

How is toxicity of drugs measured?

Toxicity can be measured by its effects on the target (organism, organ, tissue or cell) or indirectly by measuring altered biological function downstream after acute, subchronic or chronic exposure to a chemical or biological entity. Drug exposure is then used as a proxy or surrogate for the undesirable effects.

What are the most important factors in measuring toxicity?

What Factors Influence Toxic Exposure Levels?

1. Point Of Entry. A substance can only affect a person or animal by coming into physical contact with the body.
2. Dosage and Toxicity. These are perhaps the two most important factors determining the hazard presented by any given substance.
3. Rate Of Removal.
4. Biological Variation.

Why do certain medications cause drug toxicity?

Certain medications may also cause drug toxicity due to an adverse drug reaction (ADR). Drugs such as lithium have a very minimal threshold between the relevant dose and the toxic dose. In such circumstances, the treatment dose required for one person might become toxic to someone else.

What is cumulative toxicity?

According to the National Cancer Institute, cumulative toxicity is in medicine, the total amount of a drug or radiation given to a patient over time; for example, the total dose of radiation given in a series of radiation treatments.

What are the two phases of drug toxicity?

Drug toxicity occurs in two phases, which include acute and chronic toxicity. Doctors can diagnose acute toxicity more easily since its symptoms will develop after the administration of medication. One can also use blood test samples to screen the concentrations of a drug in the bloodstream.

What are genetically related adverse events in drug toxicity?

Beyond toxicity attributable to relative overdosing from variable metabolism, genetically related adverse events can arise from drug target (or related pathway) polymorphisms, immunologic predisposition (e.g., abacavir hypersensitivity), genetically based disease variability, and genetically based organ vulnerabilities (White et al., 2006 ).