What does extranodal extension mean in breast cancer?

Extranodal extension refers to the growth of a nodal cancer metastasis beyond the confines of the capsule of a lymph node into adjacent tissues. Less preferred synonyms include extranodal spread, extracapsular extension, or extracapsular spread. This finding holds prognostic implications.

What does extracapsular spread mean?

Extracapsular spread was defined as infiltration of cancer cells beyond the capsule of the metastatic lymph node.

What is Perinodal extension?

Perinodal extension was defined as the infiltration and extension of cancer cells beyond the nodal capsule. In a total of 1,092 patients, 497 (45.5\%) had lymph node metastasis. One hundred sixty one (32.4\%) patients who had perinodal extension in metastasized lymph nodes (PE(þ) group) were analyzed.

What is extra capsular extension?

Extraprostatic (extracapsular) extension of prostate cancer refers to local tumor growth beyond the fibromuscular pseudocapsule of the prostate gland into the periprostatic soft tissues, in particular, the periprostatic fat and is an established adverse prognostic factor and of importance for prostate cancer staging …

Is extranodal extension bad?

Extranodal extension of lymph node metastasis is a marker of poor prognosis in oesophageal cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

What is tumor extension?

Tumor extension beyond limits of organ of origin. Formal (scientific) definition: “That area extending from the periphery of an involved organ that lends itself to removal en bloc with a portion of—or an entire—organ with outer limits to include at least the first level nodal basin.”

Is Extraprostatic extension the same as extracapsular extension?

What is the meaning of perineural invasion?

The authors also summarized current theories on the molecular mediators and pathogenesis of PNI and introduced current research models that are leading to advancements in the understanding of this metastatic process.

What does Extraprostatic extension present mean?

Extraprostatic extension (EPE) on histopathological examination refers to the identification of tumor cells beyond the borders of the prostate, most often recognized as tumor intermingling with periprostatic adipose tissue.

What does extranodal lymphoma mean?

The term extranodal disease refers to lymphomatous infiltration of anatomic sites other than the lymph nodes. Almost any organ can be affected by lymphoma, with the most common extranodal sites of involvement being the stomach, spleen, Waldeyer ring, central nervous system, lung, bone, and skin.

What does no extracapsular extension mean?

If these tumors are not detected and diagnosed early, they have a higher probability of reaching the firm outer edge of the gland, called the capsule, and breaking through it. This is called extracapsular extension (extra means “beyond”, so the tumor has penetrated the capsule and begun growing outside of it).

What is extracapsular extension of colon cancer?

This is called extracapsular extension (extra means “beyond”, so the tumor has penetrated the capsule and begun growing outside of it). Historically, extracapsular extension (ECE) was rarely picked up by ultrasound imaging, or by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided systematic biopsy.

Does extra-nodal extension of nodal metastasis in breast cancer predict non-SLN tumors?

In positive SLN, ENE has been indicated as a possible predictor of non-SLN tumor burden in breast cancer, but it is yet unclear if ENE in SLN has a significant prognostic impact. 12 Figure 1. A classical example of extra-nodal extension of nodal metastasis is here shown. The metastatic tumor is a breast carcinoma of non-special type.

What is extracapsular extension of prostate cancer (ECE)?

Once the gland is removed and sent to pathology for examination, the discovery of ECE is not a pleasant revelation. “Compared with organ-confined disease, prostate cancer with extracapsular extension is associated with decreased overall and cancer-specific survival following radical prostatectomy.”

What determines the rate of extracapsular extension in axillary lymphoma?

The rate of extracapsular extension was found to be directly proportional to the number of axillary lymph nodes involved and the stage of disease. Extracapsular extension had significant prognostic value in both univariate and multivariate analysis for DFS and DMFS but not OS.